Wednesday, December 25, 2019

Steve Jobs And Its Impact On Society - 1773 Words

Steve Jobs Inventor, successful businessman, impact on society By Esmeralda Fernandez Ayala Table of Contents 1. Introduction 1. Page 4 2.Early Life 2. Page 5 3.Early Life (continued) 3. Page 6-7 4.Life In Spotight 4. Page 7 5.Life In Spotlight (continued) 5. Page 8-10 6.Steve’s Impact On Society 6. Page 11-15 7.Conclusion 7. Page 15 Introduction Steve Jobs was known for his many incredible inventions. Although you might think that Steve Jobs was born famous, well he was not. Steve Jobs started becoming famous and introducing gadgets around the age 29. Steve Jobs loved his job and did what he did the best and loved the most until his death. Early Life Steve Jobs was born on February 24, 1955, developed a passion for machines, and worked at Hewlett- Packard’s as a summer job while joining Hewlett-Packard’s Explorer Club. Steve Jobs was born in San Francisco, CA. Steve Jobs Biological parents were Joanne Schieble and Abdulfattah Jandali, they fell in love and found out that they were going to have a baby. They had no money so they had to make a painful decision and give the baby up for adoption. In addition, that baby was adopted by Paul and Clara Jobs who wanted a baby and named him Steve Jobs. Paul and Clara Jobs later adopted a little girl named Patti who then became Steve Jobs little sister. To begin, at the age 13 Steve had a Heathkit, he then noticedShow MoreRelatedSteve Jobs : Nonconformist Of The 21st Century1387 Words   |  6 PagesSteve Jobs: Nonconformist of the 21st Century When an individual adheres to the standards and regulation that are set by society, they are considered a conformist in its purest form. On the opposite side of the spectrum, those who do not follow these specific guidelines set by society are labeled as nonconformists. In essence, a nonconformist is an individual who goes beyond the principles of others, at the same time, is able to enhance the well-being and creativeness of other individuals. SteveRead MoreSteve Jobs, Mastermind Of Apple Inc.1399 Words   |  6 Pagesregulation that are set by society, they are considered a conformist in its purest form. On the opposite side of the spectrum, those who do not follow these specific guidelines set by society are labeled as nonconformists. In essence, a nonconformist is an individual who goes beyond the principles of others, at the same time, is able to enhance the well-being and creativeness of other individuals. Steve Jobs, mastermind of Apple Inc., is a nonconformist of the 21st ce ntury. Jobs’ ultimate goal duringRead MoreSteve Jobs : Nonconformist Of The 21st Century948 Words   |  4 PagesSteve Jobs: Nonconformist of the 21st Century When an individual adheres to the standards and regulation that are set by society, they are considered a conformist in its purest form. On the opposite side of the spectrum, those who do not follow these specific guidelines set by society are labeled as nonconformists. In essence, a nonconformist is an individual who goes beyond the principles of others, at the same time, is able to enhance the well-being and creativeness of other individuals. SteveRead MoreCharacteristics of Business Leadership1692 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Characteristics of Business Leadership Steve Jobs, the visionary co-founder of Apple who helped usher in the era of personal computers and then led a cultural transformation in the way music, movies and mobile communications were experienced in the digital age. Jobs mastered digital technology and capitalized on his intuitive marketing sense. He largely came to define the personal computer industry and an array of digital consumer and entertainment businesses centered on the Internet. Coming onRead MoreAn American Hero : Steve Jobs1644 Words   |  7 Pages An American Hero: Steve Jobs In fifty-six years of life, how much can you do to change the world? It is quite hard to imagine accomplishing everything Steve Jobs did in his lifespan, even while fighting cancer in his last seven years. Since childhood, life was not really fair to Jobs. He was abandoned by the parents who gave birth to him. Also, Steve Jobs did not dive into creating Apple from the beginning. Jobs worked other technological jobs such as in HP factories, selling illegal products calledRead MoreWorld Leaders1410 Words   |  6 Pagesleaders, certain characteristics and traits come to mind. For someone to be considered a great world leader, they need to have done something special, something that changed society in a major way. Great leaders are not afraid of change or being shunned by society. When I think of great world leaders, I think of Steve Jobs, Apple, CEO because he was passionate about his work, he was inspiring, and he had a clear vision of where he wanted Apple to go. First, it is important that we discuss whatRead MoreWhat Makes A Baby Boomer?911 Words   |  4 Pagesknow what baby boomers are, they are a very huge impact on todays society. To give example, they make impacts economically, Socially, and also Psychologically. There are many different reasons for this, and they are easy to understand exactly the impact they make on our daily lives. One of the biggest Baby Boomers out there is Steve Jobs. Steve Jobs has impacted us in many ways, but one of the things that he has impacted is economics and society. He was one of the biggest people to make us moreRead MoreSteve Jobs Has Made A Huge Impact On Technology897 Words   |  4 PagesSteve Jobs has made a huge impact on technology, but people as well. Steve Job’s life and career exemplifies creativity. Starting out Jobs had many dreams and aspirations, similar to the way that many people do. However, Jobs differs from others in that he uses creative solutions to fix drastic problems. When we think of Apple as a company, most people think of Steve Jobs. While we know that many people are part of the team of Apple, we tend to overlook that aspect. Jobs did something to technologyRead MoreSteve Wozniak And The Macbook Pro1609 Words   |  7 PagesThe aim of this assignment is to give a brief analysis and description of the life and work of Steve Wozniak and how his w ork on electronic devices such as the Apple II and the Macintosh computer have contributed to society and have changed and developed the world for good. To conclude, he made a significant impact on society during the late years of the 20th century, the early years of the 21st century and the present days. 2. Introduction Life goes on and we all develop, but along with the humanRead MoreBusiness Their Ownership, Purpose Between Apple Inc And British Red Cross A Non For Profit Business1551 Words   |  7 Pages200 staff per storie) apple was first started in 1976 by founder Steve Jobs, Ronald Wayne, Steve Wozniak. Apple has shareholder and the biggest shareholder have a say in what Apple do and have a say in how come in or out. Apple Is worth is around $700 billion the most expansive company in the world. Apple want to better great technology for is customer there main goal is to beat their main competition Samsung. The Red Cross Society is the United Kingdom branch of the worldwide impartial humanitarian

Tuesday, December 17, 2019

Women in the Middle Ages - 1271 Words

Women in the Middle Ages In the middle ages, the typical woman would not have had the freedom to do what she wanted; she would have to obey the male members of her family. This included her husband, brothers, uncles and even her own sons (http://www.middle-ages.org.uk/). However, there were many women who did not fall under this category of typical women and would manipulate, control or disobey the men around them giving them more power. In The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer we have Emelye from The Knights Tale (KT) who would be considered the typical women and Alison from The Millers Tale (MT) who would not be. It is due to their personalities, their social classes and their actions or surroundings which causes their†¦show more content†¦Alison married A riche gnof, that gestes heeld to bord, And of his craft he was a carpenter (73, 3188-3199, MT). Her husband being a wealthy carpenter means that they are the upper end of the lower class but part of the lower class (peasants) none the less. Although women of the lower class were still expected to act a certain way, it had to do more with the chores they needed to do and less to do with upholding the image of a typical woman because their actions were noticed by fewer people (http://www.middle-ages.org.uk/). This means some of them were able to use this leniency in respect to being a typical woman and flip it in order to benefit themselves, as Alison did. Also, the fact that she is younger might of even added some additional leniency since her husband was worried about being cuckolded and might not of focused on other aspects as much. So, not only did these women differ from being a typical woman but they were raised in different environments that impacted their lifestyle greatly as well. Both characters have an experience that they have no control over, and it is their actions as well as their surroundings which play a big role in how the women differ from one another. With Emelye, it was mai nly because she was the ideal target for courtly love due to her nobility and the fact that she wanted to remain a virgin or remain unattached; the two mainShow MoreRelatedWomen Of The Middle Ages2422 Words   |  10 Pagesfor women and children in the middle ages. We have abusive spouse and such in today’s time period, but in the Middle Ages abuse was even encouraged â€Å"as a way to keep women under control† (Lawler). The children had it worse. The children of the Middle Ages, were abused by men, women and even servants to make them behave. In the Middle Ages, the law did not intervene. If you were a woman of upper class then you were lucky! They typical did not go through the abuse that the lower-class women didRead MoreWomen And The Middle Ages1988 Words   |  8 PagesThroughout history, and even now, women have always been oppressed in one way or another. Whether it be in work, social class, rights, their appearance, and especially their sexual affairs. From the beginning of time men have controlled if not all, most of the aspects of a woman’s life. This was the same case in Europe from the 5th to 15th centuries, better known as the middle ages. In medieval times, not many women worked, although some did have jobs such as writing, nursing, baking, spinningRead MoreThe Rights of Women in the Middle Ages1154 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout Ancient History, there is a trend where women are inferior to men. Even to this day, in some communities, men are superior to women. Women’s rights have been a popular topic of conversation today. People all around the world are striving to bring equal rights to the genders. Gender equality is where men and women are represented equally. It doesnt mean that both genders are the same but rather the same value; thus both genders should be given equal treatment. In the fight for equal rightsRead MoreWomen Are Fickle Creatures Of The Middle Age934 Words   |  4 PagesWomen are fickle creatures; they are envious of some, when in their youth. There is the ever present identity crisis of when they are young of trying to look and act more mature. In middle age, they are trying to look as i f time had frozen, to preserve that midway point. Women dread the day when time creeps up slowly, inconspicuously with the ever increasing loss of youthfulness that is unstoppable. What’s a woman to do when she realizes she has reached her zenith in life. She should take a smallRead More Women in the Middle Ages Essay example972 Words   |  4 Pages The medieval woman was allowed a larger measure of freedom and status than the usual image we have of the Middle Ages. Women were allowed to own property and inherit from their family. Some women were employed and some were in charge of businesses. Among the upper class, women were as educated as their male counterparts. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In Europe, women were allowed to inherit property from both their fathers and their husbands. In most cases, whatever the woman brought into a marriageRead MorePotrayal of Women in The Ancient World, The Middle Ages, and The Renaissance992 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout the three literary periods: The Ancient World, The Middle Ages, and The Renaissance; women have been portrayed and treated in different ways. The Iliad by Homer is about the Trojan War fought by the Achaeans and Trojans which was over the capturing of the wife of King Menelaus, Helen of Troy, by Paris. In The Canterbury Tales by Chaucer, it is about a group of 29 people who are all on a pilgrimage to Canterbury to worship St. Thomas’s shrine; however, as Chaucer describes all these typesRead MoreComparing and Contrasting the Role of Women during the Roman Empire and the Middle Ages1564 Words   |  7 PagesInvestigation This investigation strives to compare and contrast of the role of women during the Roman Empire and the Middle Ages. The inquiry is significant because in order to understand the culture and ethics of the Roman Empire and the Middle Ages it is crucial to understand the importance of women. The issues that will be addressed include: the role of women in the Roman Empire, the role of women in the Middle Ages, and the similarities as well as the differences of the two major time periodsRead MoreThe Changing Society of the Middle Ages in The Wife of Bath Essay1098 Words   |  5 PagesThe Changing Society of the Middle Ages in The Wife of Bath When the Middle Ages began, society was divided into a rigid class system. But by the time Geoffrey Chaucer wrote The Canterbury Tales, the world was changing rapidly. A new social mobility was granted, and the middle or working class was created. Before this, women were ignored and often blamed for the plights of their society, and the new social mobility opened many new doors for women. Women, whom for years were starved forRead MoreChaucers The Canterbury Tales1381 Words   |  6 PagesThe Canterbury Tales serves as a moral manual in the Middle Ages. In the tales, Geoffrey Chaucer portrays the problems of the society. For instance, Chaucer uses the monk and the friar in comparison to the parson to show what the ecclesiastical class are doing versus what they are supposed to be doing. In other words, it is to make people be aware of these problems. It can be inferred that the author’s main goal is for this literary work to serve as a message to the people along with cha nging theRead MoreA Womans Role in Todays Society1381 Words   |  6 Pageswhat a woman in the house hold of the business. Further will probably ask rights if any women had and how did women live back then and if they had any power at all. It is these types of issues that this short essay will attempt to probe. Issues of Power and Sources As Tina Cooper puts it, it all depends on how you define power. Depending on the definition of power, it might surprise the modern observer that women before 1500 exercised much more power or influence than many sources have revealed

Monday, December 9, 2019

Randall Duk Kim back to basics Essay Example For Students

Randall Duk Kim: back to basics Essay Randall Duk Kims eyes light up as he exclaims about the remarkable times we live in, with new advancements in science, cosmology, astronomy his mind, it seems, is always searching curiously for the exciting, the unexplainable. But the twinkle as he ponders the idea of dark matter making up 98 percent of the universe is nothing compared to the joy he effuses when discussing what lies at the heart of his lifes work as an actor, director and teacher: the essential stories of Greek and Shakespearean drama. In our education system the humanities are being phased out, but how else are we going to know how to use our science and mathematics? Its through stories that we begin to grapple with philosophy, with morality, with ethics, declares Kim, who for the past two years has spearheaded the Honolulu Theatre for Youths efforts to bring theatre to high schools in Hawaii. Now it comes from television where its all good guys/bad guys, with no moral judgment at play, as opposed to Hamlet, who really has to wrestle with his conscience over that decision to kill the king. The simple, truthful gesture   I want the children of our country to have access to these stories. Theres a whole generation, maybe two, who havent seen them done just simply, as a tale. If they can be exposed to these plays at a very early age, then by the time they get to high school, its no big thing. Shakespeares not boring, or intimidating hes a good storyteller. Perhaps its Kims search for simplicity, for the honest, truthful gesture, as well as his interest in focusing squarely on a plays larger moral questions, that have led him to reject performing the classics in updated versions. I dont like to see King Lear stepping out of a limousine, or Julius Caesar getting gunned down. Give me that rugged old king from the dark ages; give me Hamlet from his time-dont make him a spoiled brat in modem terms. He wants to be swept away into a world different from his own, and Iet the story tell us that things havent changed. Its much more interesting to recognize the differences. Then we can see more clearly the similarities to our own time. Raised on a flower farm in Hawaii, Kim was turned on to the classics after seeing Group Theatre veteran Morris Carnovsky play Shylock in San Diego. Years later, after attending the University of Hawaii and New York University, Kim had the chance to work with Carnovsky, who, then in his 90s, was still teaching and directing. He remains the greatest influence on Kims own work, conveying to him an intense desire for the work to be truthful, something profoundly meaningful. Whats the most important lesson he learned from Carnovsky? Be simple. Along with two longtime friends and collaborators, Anne Occhiogrosso and Charles Bright, Kim founded the American Players Theatre in Spring Green, Wis. more than 15 years ago, in an effort to realize his dream of a repertory company that would live, work and train together, and present Shakespeare uncut and unadapted. The actors trained in tai chi, modern dance, martial arts, speech and acting; but when funding cuts came, the first thing to go was the training. Far from an added luxury, Kim sees this training as essential to nurturing a long-term commitment to the art of acting, especially in a modem world full of more lucrative possibilities for actors. Now Kim is back in Hawaii with his partners at the Honolulu Theatre for Youth on a grant from the National Theatre Artists Residency Program, funded by The Pew Charitable Trusts and administered by Theatre Communications Group, and is launching one more fight to build a classical repertory company in Hawaii. But his work in the schools may be the most important and fulfilling for him to date. His company teaches drama by presenting a program of classical scenes in the schools, then explores them with the teachers and students. Next year, they will mount three full productions. The stories excite the students to use their imaginations, and stimulate their curiosity, Kim explains. Storytelling is fundamental to our survival. As both actor and teacher, Kims methods involve extensive research and total immersion in another time and place. In scene work, he encourages students to understand the dilemmas characters find themselves in, and to respond both rationally and emotionally. A mask actor   Though he feels solidly committed to teaching, there are still a handful of roles Kim longs to play: Lear, Oedipus, Othello, Hecuba Hecuba? Arent we to encourage ourselves towards greater compassion and understanding of each other? What better way than by stepping into somebody elses shoes? Why not Othello-or Medea? I dont know that I could be better than an actress, but I would like the opportunity, Im a mask actor. When I don makeup, its to provide a home for the spirit of the character to enter into. Its almost like mediumship, in a way. And the entire costume is my mask, not just the face. Tell a story, don a mask: Theres a purity at the heart of Kims beliefs that reaches back to the origins of drama itself. He expresses a sadness for what weve already lost as a society, but he conveys an even stronger hope for what humankind can achieve at its best. And as an eternal student, he is living proof of the value of education: Every character Ive played has taught me something about myself. The way I see it, Im in training for the rest of my life. What I learn can never come to an end.

Sunday, December 1, 2019

Psychology Capstone free essay sample

Motivation, the theory of emotion and the approach and avoidance concepts will be addressed in this paper, as well as how the humanistic approach can be applied as it relates to motivation. Individuals are motivated by a diverse realm of reasons. Within the motivation theory, the ability to distinguish between introverts and extroverts can be easily determined. Often gregarious outgoing individuals shine in social settings. If we use the Big Five Model, as a guide to distinguish introverts and extroverts, gauging neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness and conscientiousness we can more openly identify with which side of our personality best represents us and individuals. It is a tool that is important when diagnosing an patient in therapeutic settings. Ultimately, we need motivation for survival. For if we are not motivated we can not fend for ourselves, outwit or draw from inner experiences and strengths to forge ahead. With approach and avoidance, we have a ying/yang phenomenon. We will write a custom essay sample on Psychology Capstone or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As humans, generally we avoid situation that are comfortable, can be dangerous and therefore we protect ourselves from mitigating factors that can cause use mental anguish and personal harm. Approach is used on a daily basis to boost our ego, stabilize ourselves in the most positive outcomes and engage in positive experiences that bring us pleasure and satisfaction. â€Å"The distinction between approach and avoidance is fundamental and integral to study the affect, cognition, and behavior. † (Elliot amp; Thrash, 2002, p. 04) Within diversity we must divulge psychodynamic perspectives that are intrinsic to human motivation. Diversity relies on critical thinking and processing. For it is not a stale substitute of homogenized theories, but a melting pot of reflective social, cultural, structures of values that combine to make a stronger theory within motivation. We are able to set and achieve goals that we internalize or externalize. For some intentions are alone enough to moti vate them, while others need an accomplished specific task to boost their internal self. Being able to use the two categories within motivation, â€Å"a desire for future relationship incentives and rewards and avoidance commitment is a desire to avoid the negative consequences or costs of relationship dissolution. † (Strachman amp; Gable, 2006, p. 1) Diversity strengthens motivation for diversity includes survival of the fittest theories, much like motivation which is essential to our human survival and mental health. Regarding other disciplines that motivation can be applied to can include virtually any theory, like Behaviorism, Cognition, Existentialism, to name a few. With motivation/behaviorism, the need to complete a mental process that can be a positive or negative can be overwhelming. For example, if you are on a diet and your motivation is part internal or external. With behaviorism, motivation (approach or avoidance) while you are dieting, mental processes can affect how we behave in a certain situation. Can we use operant or classical conditioning to diet, will I need to pull lever or pop a pill to train my brain to signal my body to not want to eat. Motivation is strong, motivation, though it may be is a strong motivator to keep going. Depending on mental stability and the willingness to succeed, motivation can be an overwhelming internal feeling that can guide behavior to achieve a wide range of goals. Humanistic psychology encompasses a holistic approach to human motivation. Why we do what we do, the meaning of what we want, the freedom to choose the right path that can lead to self-actualization is a motivating factor to achieve human potential. Motivation can be applied through the humanistic approach for it requires intrinsic and extrinsic reasons for human existence. Our consciousness motivates us to process mental issues which is easily interpreted through the humanistic approach. To the core of human existence, the humanistic approach, especially based on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is inclusive with motivators to help propel us to develop into the best possible person we can be. I am on welfare and must complete a number of hours as an activity that results in either paid or unpaid hours per week. I must complete a total of 35 hours of work. Havin written all of this, I conclude with my psychological contributions. I am better equipped to help those around me, at the counseling center where I volunteer, because I have gained so much knowledge from my studies. Patience is now given, where before I may have been less likely to give, for now I am more aware of human motivation, mental processes and mental anguish that people suffer through and need someone to relate to help them feel relief and feel human again. Something I try to do every day, while living on the welfare system, being treated like problem, and not a human.

Tuesday, November 26, 2019

God-fearing people Essays

God-fearing people Essays God-fearing people Paper God-fearing people Paper Parris, at the beginning of the play, is shown not to believe in witches. However, the overwhelming authority of Danforth and the court persuades him to think otherwise, and at the end of the play, he is shown to believe in witches. By making the most religious man in the play believe in witches, and fall victim to the power of Danforth, Miller is criticising the American society, where even the most religious and God-fearing people would leave their faith in order to save their lives. John Proctor, on the other hand, is shown to be a very Christ-like figure throughout the play. In the movie version, Proctor is shown to be in water when he chases Mary Warren after she has run out of court. When everyone is against him, he stands alone in the water, almost as if he is being baptised from the old Proctor to the new Proctor. By showing us this, Miller is hinting at the fact that only the people who told the truth were the real  gods; as Jesus Christ is believed to be in Christianity, and the others were just liars, who sacrificed their friends, or in Salems case, their enemies, in order to save themselves. : At first meeting, we think that Hale is McCarthy, as he appears to be very self-confident and arrogant; they are weighted with authority. However, as we read further into the play, Hale seems to change, and realises the stupidity and injustice in the system. By changing the thoughts of one of the most respected persons in Salem, Miller is showing weaknesses in Danforth, and therefore in McCarthy. Here, Miller is also representing the fact that McCarthyism would not last for very long, and that someday people would realise that they are in the wrong, and start to protect those who tell the truth. He is attacking the American society for not doing it earlier, as Hale is only shown to realise what is happening when it is too late. Mary Warren works for proctor. She is one of the accused, and most of end of Act 3 is based on her case. First of all, she tells the court that she did not really faint, and that she was only pretending, That were pretence, sir. However, when she is asked to pretend to faint again, she is unable to. This immediately creates tension in the audience, as they, most probably, would want her to faint in order to save Proctor and Elizabeth. Her inability to faint only strengthens Abigails case, and this would only strengthen what Danforth stands for. She then changes her confession to saying that she did deal with the devil, My name, he want my name, and goes against Proctor. Miller is showing us here how people would lie to save their own lives, and kill those who have been most helpful to them, and this criticises the American society, where people would lie in order to save their own lives. This scene would anger the audience, and make them feel hatred towards Mary, Abigail and especially Danforth, who will now definitely sign the death warrant for Elizabeth. Again, by making the hero of the play suffer Miller is expressing his hatred towards McCarthy and the people who followed him. Miller constantly characterises the court officials as weak and arrogant which highlights the injustice of Salem and McCarthy. Giles is the first character to challenge Danforth and he is immediately thrown out of the court. However, Abigail is able to overpower Danforth, making him very uneasy at times, as the following stage directions show: weakening, apprehensively, dumbfounded Danforth cannot speak Danforth turning worriedly to Abigail. This is because Abigail is the only way he can prove that he is in the right, and that years of studies have not gone to waste. By making Danforths character so weak, Miller is condemning the fact that McCarthy is a weak man who has a closed mind over the things he says and does. Millers slow build up of tension during the scene emphasises the emotional disturbance suffered by the victims of both Salem and McCarthy. Abigail enters just as Danforth is questioning Mary and interruptions like these slowly build tension in the audience. Also, the faked attacks grow anger in the audience, as everyone knows that they are pretending, and yet the people still believe them. Miller is portraying the American society of the 1950s as ignorant and stupid, who will believe anything the court and McCarthy believe. Proctors confession to committing lechery, in an attempt to save his wife, is a much tensed scene. The dramatic irony of Elizabeth not knowing he has confessed, and the natural lie she tells in order to save her husbands name, all create suspense in the audience, as they know that the Proctors are innocent, and yet because of the injustice of the court, one of them, if not both, will die. Miller is again criticising McCarthy and his laws, as the innocent are dying and the guilty live. Proctors damning lines at the end of the play suggest that there were some good people in Salem and in America during the 1950s-people who would give their lives for their loved ones. In the movie, Proctor is shown to be reciting the Gods Prayer just before being hanged, and it was believed that witches were not able to recite the Gods Prayer. By showing him do this, Miller is showing everyone how blatant it was that the innocent were dying, and he criticises the citizens of Salem for not realising this, in other words, he is criticising the American society. This has a negative effect on the audience, as they appreciate the injustice of McCarthy, and how the people were not doing anything to save anyone. Having considered the dramatic nature of this scene, I believe that it criticises McCarthyism and is an attack on the American society of the 1950s. Miller does this by repeatedly showing the Salem citizens as ignorant and unintelligent. He attacks Danforth time and time again, showing him to be weak, and yet he is able to have power over the people, only because of the fact that he has higher authority then they have. The innocent characters are the ones who are killed, and the guilty characters are the ones who get away with their crimes. This highlights the very point that during 1950s America, there was no justice whatsoever, and the only people who ruled were those who were of a higher rank than the normal citizens.

Saturday, November 23, 2019

About the Artful Use of Stucco

About the Artful Use of Stucco Stucco is a mortar mixture that is commonly used as an exterior siding application on houses. Historically it has been used as a sculpting medium for architectural ornamentation. Stucco can be made by mixing sand and lime with water and various other ingredients, most often cement. Like frosting on a cracked layer cake, a good layer of stucco can enrich a once-shabby exterior. The plaster-like material, however, has many decorative uses and is found throughout the world. For centuries stucco has been used not only in Middle Eastern mosques, but also as ornate Rococo ornamentation in Bavarian pilgrimage churches. The Stucco Wall Stucco is more than a thin veneer but it is not a building material- a stucco wall is not structurally made of stucco. Stucco is the finish applied to the wall. Usually, wooden walls are covered with tar paper and chicken wire or galvanized metal screening called casing bead. Interior walls may have wooden laths. This framework is then covered with layers of stucco mixture. The first layer is called a scratch coat, and then a brown coat is applied to the dried scratch coat. The tinted finish coat is the surface everyone sees. For masonry walls, including damaged brick and concrete block that a homeowner wishes to hide, preparation is easier. A bonding agent is usually brushed on, and then the stucco mixture is applied directly to the power-washed and prepared masonry surface. How to repair stucco? Historic preservationists have written extensively on the topic in Preservation Brief 22. Definitions of Stucco Stucco is often defined by both how it is made and where (and how) it is applied. Historic preservationists in Great Britain describe a common stucco as a combination of lime, sand, and hair- with the hair long, strong, and free of dirt and grease, from the horse or ox. A 1976 Time-Life home repair book describes stucco as mortar containing hydrated lime and asbestos- probably not a recommended additive today. The 1980 Penguin Dictionary of Architecture simply describes stucco as Plasterwork usually rendered very smooth or modeled as in stucco ceilings. The Dictionary of Architecture and Construction covers all bases: stucco 1. An exterior finish, usually textured; composed of portland cement, lime, and sand, which are mixed with water. 2. A fine plaster used for decorative work or moldings. 3. Simulated stucco containing other materials, such as epoxy as a binder. 4. A partially or fully calcined gypsum that has not yet been processed into a finished product. Decorative Stucco Although stucco-sided homes became popular in twentieth-century America, the concept of using stucco mixtures in architecture goes back to ancient times. Wall frescoes by ancient Greeks and Romans were painted on fine-grained hard plaster surfaces made of gypsum, marble dust, and glue. This marble dust compound could be molded into decorative shapes, polished to a sheen, or painted. Artists like Giacomo Serpotta became stucco masters, incorporating figures into the architecture, like the male nude sitting on a window cornice in the Oratory of the Rosary in Saint Lorenzo in Sicily, Italy. Stucco techniques were elaborated by the Italians during the Renaissance and the artistry spread throughout Europe. German craftsmen like Dominikus Zimmermann took stucco designs to new artistic levels with elaborate church interiors, such as The Wieskirche in Bavaria. The exterior of this pilgrimage church is truly Zimmermanns Deception. The simplicity of the walls on the outside belies the extravagant interior ornamentation. About Synthetic Stucco Many homes built after the 1950s use a variety of synthetic materials that resemble stucco. Mock stucco siding is often composed of foam insulation board or cement panels secured to the walls. Although synthetic stucco may look authentic, real stucco tends to be heavier. Walls made of genuine stucco sound solid when tapped and will be less likely to suffer damage from a hard blow. Also, genuine stucco holds up well in wet conditions. Although it is porous and will absorb moisture, genuine stucco will dry easily, without damage to the structure- especially when it is installed with weep screeds. One type of synthetic stucco, known as EIFS (Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems), has long been associated with moisture problems. The underlying wood on EIFS-sided homes tended to suffer rot damage. A simple Web search for stucco lawsuit reveals plenty of problems up and down the East coast beginning in the 1990s. Experts say stucco can be done right, or it can be done quickly, reported Floridas 10NEWS-TV. And when builders are trying to put homes up as fast - or as cheap - as possible, they often choose the latter. Other types of synthetic stucco are durable, and the AIAs magazine, Architect, reports that building codes and commercial products have changed in the past few years. Its always wise to have a professional inspection before purchasing a stucco-sided home. Examples of Use Stucco siding is most often found on Mission Revival style and Spanish and Mediterranean style homes. When traveling to southern US environs, notice that concrete block is often used for sturdy, wind-resistant, energy-efficient homes and public buildings like schools and town halls. Many times these blocks are finished with only a hearty paint, but a coating of stucco is said to increase the value (and status) of these concrete block homes. Theres even an abbreviation for the practice- CBS for concrete block and stucco. When visiting the Art Deco buildings throughout Miami Beach, Florida, note that most are stucco over block. Weve been told that developers who insist on a stucco finish on wood frame structures end up having a heap of moisture problems. But not all stucco problems are the same. A wall made of straw bale will have different needs than concrete block or timber frame construction. Consulting a stucco restoration specialist who may know nothing about straw bale construction might be a mistake. Stucco recipes are not one size fits all. Mixtures are many. Having said all that, you can buy premixed and pre-formulated stucco. Both DAP and Quikrete sell bags and buckets of the mixture at big box stores and even on Amazon.com. Other companies, such as Liquitex, supply stucco mixtures for artists. Resources and Further Reading Revisiting EIFS, the Once-Maligned Cladding System that May Help Architects Meet New Energy Codes by Elizabeth Evitts Dickinson, Architect, August 5, 2013Floridas billion-dollar stucco problem by Noah Pransky, WTSP,  10NEWS-TV, June 24, 2015The Stucco Book: The Basics by Herb Nordmeyer, 2012Exterior Stucco by Ian Constantinides and Lynne Humphries, The Building Conservation Directory, 2003 at buildingconservation.com [accessed February 12, 2016]Time-Life books, Home Repair and Improvement, 1976, Masonry, Index/Glossary, p. 127The Penguin Dictionary of Architecture, John Fleming, Hugh Honour, Midolaus Pevner, 3rd edition, 1980, p. 313Dictionary of Architecture and Construction, Cyril M. Harris, ed., McGraw- Hill, 1975, pp. 482-483

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Week 6 students discussions answers Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Week 6 students discussions answers - Assignment Example However, administrators may allow wish to deny employs access to some sites, as such, they can add them to the restricted sites zone. At home, some websites can be added to restricted sites zone, to prevent kids from accessing them. Additionally, I concur with Joshua that often updating of IE is important wince it helps prevent security vulnerabilities. However, Joshua fails to explain what need to be considered before the decision to update is considered. Before deciding what needs to be updated that a CIO considers whether certain important add-ons, extensions, and plugins would be compatible with the new version. I agree with Catherine that the SmartScreen filter is an important component of the IE responsible of monitoring traffic for any evidence of phishing activity, and as such, should not be disabled, especially in a business setting. I tend to disagree with Catherine’s notion that as long as an older version of IE is working correctly, there is no need for updating to a newer one. Updating to a newer version prevents any sort of security vulnerabilities that might arise. I agree with Joshua that restricting the applications run on a workstation helps prevent security vulnerabilities; and it is the responsibility of the system and network administrators to test applications for vulnerabilities and ensure that vulnerable applications are not run on computers. I also agree with Joshua, that as an end user, I would be agitated with the policy of restricting application being run on a computer due to security reasons, since such restricted applications, may be important to me. I do not agree with Joshua that developer’s hard coding is responsible for the occurrence of application compatibility bugs. In my opinion, application compatibility bugs may occur as a result of updating to a newer operating system. I an organizational context, once the operating system has been updated, it is important that compatible applications

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

Student performance objectives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Student performance objectives - Essay Example Fortunately, I worked so hard to meet this objective. In a nutshell, deductive reasoning is the logical argument that begins from a general point to some specific before making a conclusion. Contrarily, inductive is that which starts from a definite/particular and expands to include other elements of the same nature before making an inclusive conclusion. To make this practical and real, I reviewed several research papers that could provide me with clear, logical arguments. I discovered that research is either deductively or inductively developed. The essence of generalizability makes the research work demonstrate great inductive reasoning. For instance, scientists having performed tests one sample conclude that the whole population from which the sample was obtained bears the same characteristics. I grasped this topic extensively having reviewed several written pieces of literature (Singmann and Klauer, 248-249). Consequently, fallacies and language propaganda are everyday misuses of language. People engage in several cases where they inaccurately generalize other people stereotypically either to serve their self-interest or based on inaccurate information they acquired. A fallacy like ‘all men are the same’ is one of the common language propaganda that should be demystified. Of course all men cannot be the same; men vary in different aspects such as height, complexion, attitude, personality among others. This objective was met by engaging in social interactions to identify some of the common fallacies people make in everyday life and indeed, several were noticed. I was expected to be in a position to utilize the codes of logics that demand an inference should be well supported by both valid and sound propositions to make the validate the argument. This is one thing I did achieve after exploring numerous books and journals especially those

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Consultant Recommendations World Cup Brazil 2014 Essay Example for Free

Consultant Recommendations World Cup Brazil 2014 Essay Introduction: Sport tourism is a significant part of the tourism industry, which has a remarkable impact on many aspects to the hosting region of the event. The Olympic games and the world cup have a long history since the Roman Empire, however; those mega events have established new developments in which they have improved the tourism industry depending on their geography. This paper will analyze the World Cup event that will be held in Brazil this year and will illustrate it’s Strength, weaknesses, Opportunities, and threats in order to conclude a beneficial recommendations that can make the country having a successful event. Overview: Brazil is the largest country in South America; the population is approximately 200,000,000 people with a tropical climate. The country is culturally rich and well known of their passion to Football as thy won the World Cup 5 times in their history. Strengths: Brazil’s economy is booming and the money that is been generated is being invested in infrastructure and projects for the future. Airports are being improved, roads are being built and public transportation expanded. New hotels are being constructed and more and more people are being employed and trained to handle the influx of tourists in the coming years. Moreover, beside the wealth in culture Brazil can offer to its tourist a magnificent natural beauty starting from the Amazon jungle, Amazon River, and many other tropical rainforests, which exposes a variety of animal species. Moreover, it also offers white sand beaches and bays that line the cost. As a result, tourists who will visit the region to watch the  World Cup will have the opportunity to explore the other aspects of the country that will enhance their experience and promote the destination even after the sport events. Weaknesses: According to FIFA president Sepp Blatter, the country was provided with 7 years preparation for the World Cup, which considered the longest period provided to a country to prepare for the event. Yet, it also considered the poorest preparation according to Sepp. (Rumsby, B. 2014). He views the preparation as less efficient than the South Africa preparation in 2010 that made their revenues from scratch. The infrastructure and the public transport system in the country are not in a high standard in most areas. Another major concern to the government of Brazil and the tourist around the world, who want to attend the events, is the high crime rate in the category of robbery, rape, fraud, and residential thefts. â€Å"There is significant and sustained organized criminal activity throughout Brazil, especially in major cities†(Brazil Crime and Safety Report, 2013). Poverty also is a major derive for crime and the increase of drug addicts in Brazil. The weaknesses could be summarized into the slow preparation (building stadiums), infrastructure, crime rate, and poverty. Opportunities: Besides the 2014 FIFA World Cup, Brazil will also host the 2016 Summer Olympic Games. These sport events will bring countless tourism opportunities to Brazil. According to Whether it be a construction project for the Olympic facilities, or a business that benefits indirectly, such as a hotel or a property located nearby, these major sport events will offer opportunities for almost every type of entrepreneur and investor to make a healthy return (Brazil. Land of the Future, Para 2). Brazil will spend money to developing infrastructure, health centers, transportation facilities and other aspects of hospitality. An increasing number of tourists will be attracted by the World Cup and come to Brazil to travel. Therefore, the World Cup in Brazil is creating a huge number of jobs in the tourism industry, because it requires a large number of volunteers and workers to help the World cup succeed. More tourists also can develop  the economic of Brazil and increase the income for workers. The World Cup can attract much investment to Brazil that can help the business opportunities. â€Å"It is estimated that the world cup in 2014 will generate more than R$ 140bi to the Brazilian economy, between direct and indirect investments. (Global Intelligence Alliance, Para 4). That means these investments from foreign investors can help the economic growth of Brazil. Threats: In Brazil people demonstrated their anger by having a mass protest in different cities complaining about the high cost of living, low quality of education, and the high-cost of transportation (CNN, 2013, para.8). Riots in Brazil raises fear of transporting the event to the United Stated for security manner. There are many Brazilian supporters to the event to be established in their country. On the other hand, some opposition arises and took the world media coverage as an advantage to raise their concerns about the million of dollars being spent on the cup instead of investing it on health, education, transportation, and housing. According to BBC news there was 2,500 people in Sao Paulo who went to the streets and complained about the cost of staging the World Cup in Brazil (BBC NEWS, 2014). Recommendation: In conclusion, tourism industry during sports events is mainly shaped by economic, infrastructure, mega-structure, and political components. They could have either positive and/or negative outcomes contingent on the location. Tourism illiteracy should be eradicated by raising awareness of the benefits of the revenue of tourism. It may take time and effort to educate the people about the tourism impact on their daily life, but the success of delivering the message is worthy due to its future benefits. Brazil is not the first country who had riots before a sport event, it happened before in London before the Olympics games, and the managed to have a successful event(Duarte, F. 2013). We highly recommend the authority and people in Brazil to move forward with their event hosting plan and not stop in the halfway of making an event that will print a positive impact about Brazil to the rest of the world. References Montague, J. (Jul19, 2013). CNN. World Cup only benefits outsiders, say Brazil protesters, Retrieved from: http://www.cnn.com/2013/06/18/world/americas/brazil-protests-montague/index.html Rumsby, B. (Jan 06, 2014). World Cup 2014: No country has ever been so far behind in preparations as Brazil, says Sepp Blatter. Retrieved from: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/world-cup/10553002/World-Cup-2014-No-country-has-ever-been-so-far-behind-in-preparations-as-Brazil-says-Sepp-Blatter.html Ford, P. D. (2014). OSAC. Brazil 2013 Crime and Safety Report: Rio de Janeiro. Retrieved from: https://www.osac.gov/pages/ContentReportDetails.aspx?cid=13966 Whibley, J. (August 13, 2013). Brazil Expects World Cup to Bring R$25b. Retrieved from: http://riotimesonline.com/brazil-news/rio-business/brazil-expects-world-cup-to-bring-r25-billion/# Duarte, F. (Jul 04, 2013). Futebol Brasil. Deal with it: Brazil will host the World Cup. Retrieved from: http://espnfc.com/blog/_/name/futebolbrasil/id/317?c c=5901 Brazil. Land of the Future, 2014. Retrieved from: http://www.brazil-future.com/home/2014-brazil-fifa-world-cup-and-the-2016-rio- olympic-games/ Global Intelligence Alliance. 2014 World Cup Opportunities Beckon Foreign Investors to Brazil, 2014. Retrieved from: http://www.globalintelligence.com/ insights/all/2014-world-cup-opportunities-beck on-foreign-investors-to-brazil

Thursday, November 14, 2019

A Look into the Life of Charlotte Perkins Gilman and ?The Yellow Wall-p

â€Å"The Yellow Wall-paper† is an amazing story that demonstrates how close-minded the world was a little over a hundred years ago. In the late eighteen hundreds, women were seen as personal objects that are not capable of making a mark in the world. If a woman did prove to be a strong intellectual person and had a promising future, they were shut out from society. Charlotte Perkins Gilman wrote her stories from experience, but added fictional twists along the way to make her stories interesting. Charlotte Perkins Gilman grew up in a broken home without the presence of her father. Charlotte eventually moved away from her home with her mother and sister. Charlotte tried to keep in contact with her father, but he did not want any part of the contact. Being rejected by her father, and not receiving any affection from her cold-hearted mother set the tone for the way she would live her life. After one failed marriage with a child, Charlotte did not believe that there was much left for her. Charlotte took her emotions and construed them into a positive thing, her writing. Just like the woman in the story, â€Å"The Yellow Wall-paper†, Charlotte was sick. The doctors prescribed the â€Å"rest cure† for Charlotte. This prescription meant that she had to stay in bed for weeks on end, and had to limit her intellectual activities (Gilman 831). Charlotte was also instructed to live as much of a domestic life as she could. The doctors and her husband wanted her to stay home to cook, clean, and tend to their child. Staying in your own house, in your own bed for that long of a time would drive any person the slightest bit of crazy. During this time is when Charlotte Perkins Gilman wrote, â€Å"The Yellow Wall-paper†. â€Å"The Yellow Wall-paper† portrays realism in its finest. Realism is defined as the representation in art or literature of objects, actions, or social conditions as they actually are, without idealization or presentation in abstract form (dictionary.com). It must have been easy for Charlotte to write this literary work. Not only did Charlotte have all the time in the world, but she was also a feminist (Hudak). When a person has enough time, and a just cause, wonderful literary works can happen. There is no better way to get emotions, ideas, and worries out into society than writing about what you believe in. This story is almost an autobiographical account of Charlotte Perk... ...estic work when she could. Not being able to express her inner feelings made her want to write everything down so much more. Jane then realized that she was being oppressed by the men in her life. Jane was not a strong woman, so she drove herself insane just to escape the reality that she was in. If the story of, â€Å"The Yellow Wall-paper† would have continued from its finishing point, I believe that Jane would have went even more mad and most likely would have killed herself to escape her own self-torture. Much like how Charlotte Perkins Gilman committed suicide in her own life. â€Å"The next year, suffering from breast cancer and convinced that her productive life was over, she committed suicide with chloroform she had long been accumulating† (Gilman 832). Charlotte Perkins Gilman was a lonely, insane woman, but her creativity got her through some hard times. Writing â€Å"The Yellow Wall-paper† helped to created an outlet for Charlotte’s personal emotions. Charlotte and the main character of the story, Jane, are one and the same. After reading background information on Charlotte and reading â€Å"The Yellow Wall-paper†, it’s obvious that Charlotte was writing about what she knew; insanity.

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Agrana Essay

The Austria-based company, Agrana was founded in 1988 with operations consisting of the production of sugar and starch. While relatively small, the company only operated two starch factories and three sugar factories. As the years passed, the company has also focused on the production of fruit preparation, fruit juice concentrate, and ethanol. The new business strategy has enabled the company to not only grow, but expand across multinational borders while increasing the number of buyers to whom they supply their goods and services to. In this paper, an analysis on Agrana’s emergence will be discussed from an industry-, resource-, and institutional-based view. The challenges in which AGRANA might face as it continues its expansion into other regions, such as East Asia will also be a topic of discussion. Since Agrana’s beginning, the industry has been quite challenging and competitive. Prior to European integration in 1989, the company had to operate on small economies of scale. Many markets in other countries were not open to outsiders, therefore limiting the scope of customers to only local buyers. When applying Porter’s Five Forces Framework, the industry consisted of fierce rivalry from larger competitors, threat of substitution, little to no differentiation which increased the threat of potential entrants, high bargaining power of its buyers, and low bargaining power from suppliers. However, with the integrations of the European Union (EU) and the Central and Eastern European (CEE) in 1989, Agrana was able to compete with larger rivals and expand to markets in other countries. The regional and global integration allowed Agrana to aggressively expand its foreign direct investment (FDI) throughout CEE (Peng, p. 82). This move increased their economies of scale. With their new profound strategy, the company was able to improve the quality of its products as they pursued and formed partnerships with larger buyers like Coca-Cola, Pepsi, Nestle, and Danone. As they have continued to grow, Agrana added to their production by focusing on fruit processing and through the acquisitions of other companies. The growth of Agrana is quite impressive as you consider how small the company was, their limitations, and how little they had in order to compete with their rivals. Despite these disadvantages, Agrana capitalized on its resources and capabilities through the improved manufacturing of high-grade products at competitive prices and by a strategy that promotes expansion. Prior to their emergence, the company had little value in its resources, no rarity in its industry, wide-spread imitability and no competitive advantage. The VRIO Framework for Agrana was in need of help. Through restructuring, and increased profits, Agrana diversified by adding a fruit processing division. With fruit being a complementary good to sugar and starch, this move fell in line with the business strategy and production already established. To further their diversification, the company turned to acquisitions of companies in the fruit industry. Between 2003 and 2007, the company acquired Denmark’s Vall Saft Group (fruit juice concentrate), Austria’s Steirerobst (fruit preparation and fruit juice concentrates), Belgium’s Dirafrost (fruit concentrate) Germany’s Wink Group (fruit juice concentrate), and acquired a 50% stake in a joint venture with Xianyang Andre Juice Co. Ltd (fruit juice concentrate) [p. 384-385]. The numerous acquisitions have not only added to its growth but its value as well as the company had gained access to numerous markets in various countries. The competitive advantage of Agrana is a result of the value added by its acquisitions and their integration, market knowledge, global growth, and their means of finding new ways to develop other products such as biofuel. An institution-based view is a perspective that argues that in addition to industry- and firm-level conditions, firms also need to take into account wider influences from sources such as the state and society when crafting strategy (p. 3). This includes formal and informal institutions surrounding laws, regulations, cultures and ethics. Early in Agrana’s existence, much of its challenges were a result of the restrictions placed on Western European companies to enter CEE markets and the EU. The opening of the CEE markets, in 1989, presented new opportunities for Agrana and others to expand regionally and i nternationally. FDI proved to be effective in CEE countries as it lead to be increased profits, production and growth. As stated earlier, Agrana was able to produce goods for major companies; allowing them to better cater to the expanding needs of its corporate buyers (p. 382). As the company reduced its challenges, the EU encouraged the company to diversify its operations in order to grow. Though the EU imposed challenges for Agrana prior to its integration, many of the CEE countries have become members which have helped the company increase its opportunities. However, with a strong EU presence in sugar reforms, regulating prices, and tariffs on imports and exports, Agrana has encountered new challenges and looks for new opportunities. Currently, Agrana has a huge presence in most European countries as well as plants in Mexico, China, South Korea, and China. Though China and South Korea are countries of East Asia, further expansion into other regions may present challenges surrounding culture. A presence in North Korea is far from foreseeable and while business in the CEE is similar to Vienna, Austria, the culture in East Asia are hugely different. There will also be challenges when you consider how Agrana plans to duplicate its European working environment in countries where employees and management operate on more of a hierarchical management style that stems of culture and tradition. More importantly, the biggest challenges that Agrana will face will be linked to the laws and regulations of the local government. Each country has different laws and regulations regarding imports/exports, employee relations, production, working conditions and acquisitions. Agrana will also face challenges in competition presented by local companies operating in similar industries. Agrana’s rise to dominance starting a small company is similar to the story of Google, Inc. With strict limitations and an overwhelmingly grounded industry, the company chose to remain and capitalize on the opportunities presented. Through FDI, restructure, innovation and expansion; Agrana has gained a competitive advantage in its industry. Their business strategy of this company is one to marvel over and imitate.

Saturday, November 9, 2019

Global Industrial Silica Sand Market 2012 – 2016 – Industry Monitor.Co

IndustryMonitor. Co announces addition of new report â€Å"Global Industrial Silica Sand Market 2012 – 2016† in it’s database. To book your copy of this report @ http://www. industrymonitor. co/report/166461-global TechNavio's analysts forecast the Global Industrial Silica Sand market to grow at a CAGR of 4. 50 percent over the period 2012-2016. One of the key factors contributing to this market growth is the increased adoption of industrial silica sand for hydraulic fracturing. The Global Industrial Silica Sand market has also been witnessing the increasing focus toward R activities.However, increasing use of recycled silica sand could pose a challenge to the growth of this market. TechNavio's report, Global Industrial Silica Sand Market 2012-2016, has been prepared based on an in-depth market analysis of the market with inputs from industry experts. The report covers the Americas, and the EMEA and APAC regions; it also covers Global Industrial Silica Sand marke t landscape and its growth prospects in the coming years. The report also includes a discussion of the key vendors operating in this market.Key vendors dominating this market space include namely Quarzwerke GmbH, U. S. Silica Holdings Inc. , Fairmount Minerals Ltd. , and Sibelco Group For Request The Sample of this Report Visit: http://www. industrymonitor. co/sample/sample/166461 Other vendors mentioned in the report: Preferred Sands LLC, Xinyi Golden Ruite Quartz Materials Co. Ltd. , Xuzhou Shihang Silica Sand Co. Ltd. , Zhuzhou Kibing Group Co. Ltd. , J. R. Simplot Co. , Pattison Sand Co. LLC, and CEMEX SAB de CV. Key questions answered in this report: What will the market size be in 2016 and at what will be the growth rate?What are key market trends? What is driving this market? What are the challenges to market growth? Who are the key vendors in this market space? What are the market opportunities and threats faced by key vendors? What are the strengths and weaknesses of each o f these key vendors? Latest Report: Global Advance Process Control Software Market 2012 – 2016 : http://www. industrymonitor. co/report/166460-global TechNavio's analysts forecast the Global Advance Process Control Software market to grow at a CAGR of 10. 67 percent over the period 2012-2016.One of the key factors contributing to this market growth is the migration from legacy system to Advance Process Control software. The Global Advance Process Control Software market has also been witnessing the development of customized APC software. However, lack of awareness about APC software could pose a challenge to the growth of this market. TechNavio's report, Global Advance Process Control Software Market 2012-2016, has been prepared based on an in-depth market analysis of the market with inputs from industry experts.The report covers the Americas, and the EMEA and APAC regions; it also covers Global Advance Process Control Software market landscape and its growth prospects in the coming years. The report also includes a discussion of the key vendors operating in this market. Contact Us: Hemendra Pratap State Tower 90 State Street, Suite 700 Albany, NY 12207 United States Tel: +1-518-618-1030 [email  protected] co Website: http://www. industrymonitor. co/ Blog: http://industrymonitorblog. blogspot. com/

Thursday, November 7, 2019

Free Essays on Amy Tan

Response paper When reading the article â€Å"Mother Tongue,† I was surprised to see that my mother was a little bit like Amy Tan’s mother. My mother has been living in California for about 30 years, but she still uses a little bit of broken English. The only difference is the fact that Amy Tan speaks to her mother in Chinese, while they are at home. My mother, on the other hand, has never tried to teach me how to speak Spanish, although I think it would have been a great opportunity for me while I was growing up. My father is the same way, he is from the Middle East (Jordan), yet he has never bothered to teach me how to speak Arabic. My father has been living in America for about the same number of years as my mother, and like her, he uses a little bit of broken English as well. I believe that the only reason why they speak with broken English Is because they have relatives that live in America, that they see all the time, and these relatives barely speak English. In the other article, â€Å"Go North, Young Man,† it was a little bit difficult for me to understand the article. What I did understand was that immigrants come to America hoping that they will receive great opportunities because our country is known for possibility, and freedom. In our society, most people would not like to do the labor that most of the immigrants do when they decide to migrate to America. Immigrants are the people of our country, they work the hardest and try to fit in the best that they can. America is supposed to accept those who want to receive greater opportunities, but most people believe that immigrants such as the Chinese and the Mexicans are invading our country. Most of the people who live in America have more than likely migrated to America to receive greater opportunities, but the only difference is they have lived here longer. American is no ones country, we all immigrants in our own way trying to find a better way to live. This country... Free Essays on Amy Tan Free Essays on Amy Tan Response paper When reading the article â€Å"Mother Tongue,† I was surprised to see that my mother was a little bit like Amy Tan’s mother. My mother has been living in California for about 30 years, but she still uses a little bit of broken English. The only difference is the fact that Amy Tan speaks to her mother in Chinese, while they are at home. My mother, on the other hand, has never tried to teach me how to speak Spanish, although I think it would have been a great opportunity for me while I was growing up. My father is the same way, he is from the Middle East (Jordan), yet he has never bothered to teach me how to speak Arabic. My father has been living in America for about the same number of years as my mother, and like her, he uses a little bit of broken English as well. I believe that the only reason why they speak with broken English Is because they have relatives that live in America, that they see all the time, and these relatives barely speak English. In the other article, â€Å"Go North, Young Man,† it was a little bit difficult for me to understand the article. What I did understand was that immigrants come to America hoping that they will receive great opportunities because our country is known for possibility, and freedom. In our society, most people would not like to do the labor that most of the immigrants do when they decide to migrate to America. Immigrants are the people of our country, they work the hardest and try to fit in the best that they can. America is supposed to accept those who want to receive greater opportunities, but most people believe that immigrants such as the Chinese and the Mexicans are invading our country. Most of the people who live in America have more than likely migrated to America to receive greater opportunities, but the only difference is they have lived here longer. American is no ones country, we all immigrants in our own way trying to find a better way to live. This country...

Tuesday, November 5, 2019

Refutation of the Myth Theory Essay

Refutation of the Myth Theory Essay Refutation of the Myth Theory Essay This is a free sample essay on Refutation of the Myth Theory: The resurrection of Jesus Christ is the most debated historical event the world will ever see. For those who believe in the resurrection, their hope and happiness is encapsulated within the testimonies of the Bible. For those who reject it, their hope and happiness exists by disproving the evidence of the believers. The fact is simple – disproving the resurrection means disproving Christianity. It is therefore no wonder why the believers are playing defense as rash and blazon minds try to shut down the key to Christianity. The four main theories set down to disprove the resurrection are the swoon theory, hallucination theory, myth theory, and the conspiracy theory. Using the analogy of an archer and his bows, it is up to bold and resolute Christians to counter the piercing claims the non-believers fire attempting to hit the bulls-eye – the core of Christianity. The most intriguing of the non-believers theories is the myth theory. It accounts as a post-modernist correlation of the hallucination and conspiracy theory, and is the accepted ‘standard line of liberal theology.’ I decided to choose the refutation of the myth theory for the content and evidence argued is the most factual and objective of all the theories. Also, it is the most interesting and explores a wider base than the other theories. The first argument against the myth theory is that the Gospel is ‘clearly different from the style of all myths.’ Christians are using the fact that everything in the bible is interconnected, with no exaggerated events. Also, the amount of detail and in some cases irrelevant (but concise) facts, suggests the laconic style of the Bible defers from the standard verbose style of myth. But the most deafening fact is merely the awareness that the Bible was set in the real Palestine, and all details are realistic. Linking to the first argument, the second argument revolves around the fact that there was not enough time for a myth to develop. The believers argue from a stance that printed mythological material about Christ would be disputed by eyewitnesses. Julius Muller summarizes this argument by saying: â€Å"One cannot imagine how such a series of legends could arise in an historical age, obtain universal respect, and supplant the historical recollection of the true character [Jesus]†¦if eyewitnesses were still at hand who could be questioned respecting the truth of the recorded marvels.† After the second argument, I believe the following three arguments comparatively lack the evidence presented in the first two arguments. The third argument is based around the fact that the myth theory comparatively lacks evidence. However, asking any historian, they will tell you that the amount of evidence doesn’t matter, but what the evidence is. Therefore, the third theory is merely displacement. The fourth theory revolves around a ‘little detail’ that the social status of women bound their ability to give factual evidence. It states that the first witnesses of the resurrection where women. The fact that these statements were believed, and not disregarded as crude data, therefore implies the authenticity of the events. This argumentative base is extremely circumstantial and too far-fetched to be believed. Similarly, the fifth argument lacks a factual base. The argument is held together by a phrase in 2 Peter 1:16, which denies the mythic interpretation. It says that once the ‘New Testament distinguishes myth from fact, it becomes a lie if the resurrection is not fact.’ The argumentative base for this theory lies within the evidence of the hallucination and conspiracy theory, and once again, is to far-fetched to be believed. The final case presented in refutation of the myth theory, is that the Gospels are authentic and hold a high degree of integrity. Using an outline from Knowing the Truth About the Resurrection by Craig, the believers prove the authenticity of the disciples writing and the integrity of the ‘Word of God’ as well. What I have drawn from analyzing the refutation of the myth theory is that it is extremely objective, excluding arguments three, four and five. The main arguments presented are sound and backed with reliable historical evidence, and refute the myth theory. However, the inclusion of lacking arguments brings down the overall reliability of the refutation, for those arguments are too circumstantial. ______________ is a professional essay writing service which can provide high school, college and university students with 100% original custom written essays, research papers, term papers, dissertations, courseworks, homeworks, book reviews, book reports, lab reports, projects, presentations and other assignments of top quality. More than 700 professional Ph.D. and Master’s academic writers. Feel free to order a custom written essay on Refutation of the Myth Theory from our professional essay writing service.

Sunday, November 3, 2019

Home depot Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Home depot - Essay Example This is the reason for the creation of so much competition between both these stores, since both of them are finding the best ways to improve the service to the customers, which would play a very crucial role, in increasing the customer satisfaction, which would improve their business during such tough times. (www.bloggingstocks.com) In the consumer’s mind there exist different types of gradation, for both Lowe’s and Home Depot. In the case of the Lowe’s stores consumers really believe that, there is a very good scope for the selection of the best products. They also feel that when compared to the Home Depot store, the Lowe’s store renders much better customer service. Most of the men and contractors get their needs satisfied through the Home Depot store that has resulted in the inflow of customers, mainly from these two sectors. In the case of Lowe’s, it has got the women as its main customers. Thus it is the differentiation of both these stores in the mind of the two genders, which has created the respective customer base. (www.bloggingstocks.com) Though there is a huge inflow of customers into the Home Depot store, still there doesn’t exist any kind of consumer loyalty for both the stores.

Thursday, October 31, 2019

The Law of Enterprise Organization Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Law of Enterprise Organization - Assignment Example This is then followed by a discussion of the pros and cons for each investor and for the business as a whole with a focus on Limited Liability Company, Limited Liability Partnership, and â€Å"S" and "C† corporations. Discussion Sole proprietorship In Massachusetts there are no statutory requirements governing the creation of a sole proprietorship. Hence, a sole proprietor interest in the business is represented by the assets of the business, and he or she is not considered as a separate legal entity, in particular for federal income tax. Therefore, every income, loss, credit and profits are taxed under the owner marginal tax level. The other major reason why sole proprietorships cannot benefit this group is that they will each be completely liable for the responsibility of the business to the degree of his or her individual and business assets. Every personal assets committed to the enterprise can be seized to make payments. Even though homeowner insurance can help in excludi ng liabilities arising in the course of the business transaction, they will still need further riders and policies (Griffin 2). Given that the owner of any sole proprietorship is in complete and absolute command of the business such a structure would not work in a group like this due to dissimilar vested interests, ideas, and contributions. General Partnerships General Partnerships would not work very well for this group since the partners would be liable for the debts as well as obligations arising from any wrongful acts by another partner. Specifically when that partner performs during the commonplace itinerary of the business or otherwise acted with the say-so of other partners. This group comprises ambitious people who have their own idea on how to run the business with each seeking to be more active in the management. Hence, any business debt or liabilities due to one of them implies that they will be liable for the risk also as they are legally tied. Therefore, it is going to be difficult to create lasting trust (Miller and Jentz 530). Limited Partnerships Based on the stipulations of Chapter 109, section 2 of the Uniform Limited Partnership Act, a limited partnership would not work very well for this group since it would imply some members possessing minimal level of control and rather limited liability and the one who is active will be liable for any debt or obligation. For instance, to Charlie such a structure would imply him having minimal control of the business since he would not be active, even though he has contributed significant amount of capital and clientele and publicity. Furthermore, the fact that one general partner responsible for running the partnership implies that he or she will be responsible for debts plus liabilities beyond the sum of their contributions, and this would definitely make it hard for any of them to accept to be a general partner, as it will be a great risk on their part. For Leila this would entail placing her parentsà ¢â‚¬â„¢ retirement and property at risk and Andrew and Indira would lose a lot in terms of their contribution, in particular Indira who is willing to mortgage her house as part of her capital contribution (O'Neill and Warda 14). Limited Liability Partnerships Based on the Uniform Partnership Act Chapter 108A, Section 48 one of the key benefits of Limited liability partnerships is that, there is a

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

Community Hazard Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Community Hazard Analysis - Essay Example Durham County occupies the area of 299 square miles, while the City of Durham encompasses 94.9 square miles. The Durham City covers about 33% of the Durham County total land. Its physical location is 406 feet above sea level. The climatic conditions of the area are presented in the table below (Schell, 2006): Natural Hazards are part of our everyday life taking up different form and shapes like tornadoes, floods, earthquakes, hurricanes, wildfires, and winter storms. All these events are natural phenomena, thus, are uncontrollable. However their impact on the area and society are quite destructive. Despite their damaging occurrences these natural hazards are part of the natural system. When this natural system meets the man-made environment, then disasters occur. This happens due to the man-made buildings, agriculture and infrastructure that take the path of the natural forces, and these human buildings are neither indestructible nor are recuperative, hence occurrence of a natural disater debilitates the entire community (Management & Hill, 1998). Although it is unlikely to prevent a natural hazard but there are some means available that can help in reducing its adverse consequences. Making use of the available tools and techniques can help in avoiding the devstating effects of a hazard in a timely manner. Here the state and the agencies combine together to make efforts and to assist the community with rebuilding efforts. Since the occurrence of a hazard can impact the community in a destructive manner, it is important to have a hazard mitigation plan in place to make recovery easy. Also, by managing the characteristics that cause the occurrence of the hazard, the negative impacts can be mitigated before a hazard occurs. Thus, a hazard mitigation plan is essential, as it can provide a framework to make informed decisions in event of uncertainity and chaos (Natural Hazards Center, 2006). The basic

Sunday, October 27, 2019

Effects of Atmospheric Aerosols on Human Health

Effects of Atmospheric Aerosols on Human Health Abstract: A highly Sensitive (LOD; 0.04-0.4 ng/ml) method is developed for detection and quantification of acidic compounds (C3 -C10) containing mono and dicarboxylic acids on GC-MS. These compounds (C3 -C10) existed in trace amount, as secondary organic aerosols i.e. important constituents of Aerosols. Membrane extraction technique was utilized for selective enrichment (1-4300 times) of target compounds. Good repeatability (RSD% ≠¤ 10%) from selective organic phase (10% TOPO in DHE) was achieved with three phase HF-LPME. Aerosols containing samples, after Ultrasonic Assisted extraction were detected and quantified Through GC-MS. Effective derivatization of each target compound was performed with BSTFA reagent. Gas Chromatography, having capillary column and interfaced with mass spectrometry was used for separation, detection and quantification of target compounds. Method Development and Application -hollow fiber Supported liquid membrane extraction of Fatty acids (C3-C10) containing mono and dicarboxylic acids and Detection of aerosols Samples after ultrasonic assisted extraction. 1. Introduction: Impact of Atmospheric aerosols on human health and effect on radioactive stability in Earth’s atmosphere is getting importance now a days and this phenomenon has been well understood. [1]. Atmospheric aerosols can harm respiratory and cardiovascular system of human. Impact of Secondary organic aerosols as biogenic and anthropogenic antecedent is identified (Adams and sinfold, 2002) [1, 17]. Low molecular dicarboxylic acids (C3-C9) are also vital tracers of SOA [2]. Short chain fatty acids are found as secondary organic aerosols which are also supposed to derive from long chain fatty acids [1]. Importance of organic aerosol has been well established now a days and carboxylic acids are of great interest for environmental studies [1]. Several studies and mechanisms were proposed to understand the production of these SOA precursors [1]. Short chain carboxylic acids are found extensively in troposphere [2]. Secondary organic aerosols (SOA) are formed in the atmosphere by gas particles conversions. Organic matter present in aerosol contains more than 90% of troposphere’s aerosols [5, 15]. Dicarboxylic acids found in nature as polymeric compounds such as suberin and cutin [3]. Short chain dicarboxylic acids are found in vegetables [Siddiqui, 1989] and in soil containing micro organisms of durum wheat [4]. Dicarboxylic acids are found in plant oils which have greater interest for cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries [6]. Short chain dicarboxylic acids having aliphatic chain possess strong cyclotoxicity and antineoplastic activities [18]. Many analytical techniques are used to determine the composition of SOA so keeping in view these techniques new method for determination of fatty acids (common in SOA) has been developed. Membrane extraction is used in this method due to its increasing importance for high selectivity and high enrichment factor [24]. Dicarboxylic acids formed of bio oxidation of fatty acids so these are considered as metabolic part of fatty acid [42]. Dicarboxylic acids and their derivatives can be used to make polymers and their condensation with diols in solution produces high molecular weight polyester [39]. Additionally these dicarboxylic acids use less temperature in the reaction for the preparation of polyesters [39]. 1.1. Analytes Description: Properties (physical, chemical, etc.) of Compounds (C3-C10) containing mono and dicarboxylic acids are discussed in section; 1.1.1-1.1.12. These compounds (C3-C10) are the target analytes in this diploma project. These target analytes are extracted through Liquid phase micro extraction and detected by GC-MS system. Fig. 1.1-1.12 represents structures of target analytes (section; 1.1.1-1.1.12). 1.1.1- Adipic Acid Adipic acid is a product of lipid per oxidation. Adipic acid does not undergo hydrolysis in the environment perhaps due to the lack of hydrolysable functional groups (Harris 1990) [5]. 1.1.2- Malonic Acid: Malonic Acid is a metabolite of plants and tissues and Malonyle-CoA [28]. Malonic Acid is an intermediate for preparation of fatty acids from plants and other tissues [7]. Malonic acid is also present in aerosols [8]. Malonic acid is an important constituent of short chain fatty acids [8]. Malonic acid present in beet rots as a Calcium salt [42]. 1.1.3- Succinic Acid: Succinic acid is found in atmosphere as water soluble compound and as a compound of Secondary organic aerosols [29]. Succinic acid is a solid exists as crystals, anciently called spirit of amber. Succinic acid is an important intermediate in citric acid cycle which is very important constituent of living organism [42]. 1.1.4- Glutaric acid: Glutaric acid is found as SOA in aerosols [8]. Glutaric acid is sparingly soluble in water [41], can be used to prepare a plasticizer for polyester [41]. 1.1.5- Pimelic Acid: Pimelic acid is a last dicarboxylic acid relative to carbon number which has IUPAC name. Derivatives of Pimelic acid are used for biosynthesis of amino acid typically lysine [41]. Pimelic acid is produced, when Nitric acid is heated with Oleic acid as a secondary sublimation product which is not crystallized [20]. 1.1.6-Suberic Acid: Suberic acid is produced from suberine [8]. Suberic acid can also be obtained by vigorous reaction condition of natural oil with nitric acid [8]. 1.1.7-Azelaic Acid: Azelaic acid is an important constituent of secondary organic aerosols because it produces short chain fatty acids upon photo oxidation and also because it can be produced during oxidation of unsaturated acid that is found in Oleic acid [11]. 1.1.8- Cis-pinonic Acid: Cis-pinonic acid is also produced in atmosphere by photo oxidation of ÃŽ ±-pinene in the existence of Ozone [30]. 1.1.9- Pinic Acid: Pinic acid is derivative of ÃŽ ±-pinene. Pinic acid can be generated by photo oxidation of ÃŽ ±-pinene with Ozone as given in this chemical reaction; (C10H16 + 5/3 O3 -> C9H14O4 + HCHO). Pinic acid is present in a crystalline form used to prepare plasticizers [30]. 1.1.10- 4-Hydroxybenzoic Acid 4-Hydroxy benzoic acid is exists as crystals. It is used to derive parabens and can be used as antioxidant [41]. 1.1.11-Phthalic Acid: Phthalic acid is an aromatic dicarboxylic acid it is found as white crystalline state in pure form [41]. Phthalic acid is found abundantly in atmosphere and it has toxic properties. Aromatic acids are generally emitted through anthropogenic sources like reminiscent of solvent evaporation and Automobile exhaust [31]. 1.1.12-Syringic Acid. Syringic acid is found as humic substance in environment [40]. 1.2. Detection of Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction samples(UAE): A detection procedure by GC-MS is established with reference standard injections and UAE samples. A theoretical description is given in section 1.2 for â€Å"Ultrasonic assisted extractions†. Unknown real Samples from Aerosols containing mono and dicarboxylic acids (C 3-C 10) are provided after Ultrasonic assisted extraction [34]. 1.2.1- Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction: ‘Ultrasonic’ is derived from ultrasound. Ultrasound refers to a sound that has a higher frequency than a normal human can hear. This technique is used in chemistry in several aspects and due to application in chemistry it is known as Sonochemistry [23]. Ultra Sound is used in sample preparation in analytical chemistry like extraction, filtration, dissolution and sample purification. When Ultrasonic technique is used for assistance in extraction, this assistance in extraction is called â€Å"Ultrasonic assisted extraction† (UAE) [23]. There are many advantages by using UAE because it require less organic solvents ,non destructive, less expensive and less time consuming comparative to other sample preparation techniques like soxhlet [21]. The normal range of ultrasound frequencies used in laboratory ranges from 20 KHz to 40 KHz. Use of UAE is simple. A sample solution inside a vessel in an appropriate solvent can be placed inside ultrasonic bath at desired temperature and sound waves stir the sample [20]. The mechanism of US is as â€Å"when a sound source produces a high frequency waves, sample molecules starts vibrating and shift this vibration to other molecules of sample in a longitudinal direction when gas and liquid is used as a sample, while in solid sample both longitudinal and transverse waves can be produced† [19]. When UAE is utilized it increases speed of mass transport by vibration of mechanical transport from the sample matrix through a process called â€Å"cavitation† [21]. 1.2.2- Theory of Ultrasonic Assisted extraction: There are two theoretical aspects of sonication i.e. physical and chemical aspects in sample preparation. Physical and chemical aspects are described in section (1.2.2.1-1.2.2.2), in order to understand its practical use in analytical chemistry. 1.2.2.1- Physical aspects of UAE: During Ultrasonic assisted extraction, a bubble in a liquid cannot take energy (due to US) and implodes. On the other hand due to Ultra sound in liquid extractions, the cavitational pressure is shifted relatively higher so formation of bubble is difficult [21]. Ultrasonic intensity produces cavitations in a liquid sample during extraction (UAE). Two types of US cavitation is produced known as â€Å"transient cavitation† (produce transient bubble) and â€Å"permanent cavitation† [21]. The life time of transient bubble is so short that no mass transport or diffusion of gas is possible with in a sample [21]. Transient bubble is believed to be produced at US intensity (10 W/cm2) and permanent bubble at intensity (1-3 Watt/cm2). Sonochemical effects are intense inside the bubble because energy (numerous amounts) is produced during bubble eruption and production [21]. 1.2.1.2 Chemical aspects of UAE: When US radiation strikes a water molecule it produces free radicals OH* and H* due to collapsing cavitations’ bubble which exhibits high temperature and pressure inside and also many other radicals can be produced in solution [21]. Radical OH* is believed to be more stable and can begin many new reactions while H* radical is not stable. Second Sonochemical effect is pyrolytic reactions that occur inside bubble and can degrade compounds under analysis [21, 23]. 1.3. Liquid Phase microExtraction(lpme): The application of membrane extractions in analytical chemistry has taken the intentions of analysts during recent time. The goal of utilizing membrane extraction is to achieve high enrichment, selective extraction and environmental friendly procedure [24]. Small quantity of solvent (usually in micro liters) is required comparative to old techniques of extractions (soxlet) [24]. Clean extracts are obtained and after extraction, recovered compounds are shifted to another analytical instrument like Gas chromatography or liquid chromatography directly for further quantitative analysis [24]. 1.3.1 Hollow fiber membrane extraction: Two types of membrane are used in LPME. One membrane is flat sheet porous and second membrane is polypropylene hollow fiber. In this project polypropylene hollow fiber is used as a membrane support in membrane extractions due to limited cost and to reduce carry over problems [24]. 1.3.1.1 HF-LPME Technique: When a hollow fiber is used in LPME, this technique (LPME) is called hollow fiber liquid phase micro extraction (HF- LPME). In HF- LPME technique, a hollow fiber is used containing a thin film of immobilized liquid membrane inside the pores while the fiber is dipped into an aqueous phase containing objective analytes. Target analytes can transport through the membrane into a liquid filled inside the lumen of the fiber, which is termed as accepter solution [22]. Extraction of target analytes (C3-C10) was carried through three phase HF- LPME during whole of the project. Donor solution was contained analytes in aqueous medium, a suitable organic solvent i.e. Dihexyl ether (TOPO mixture) was used in pores of hollow fiber as a stationary liquid membrane support (SLM). Accepter solution was in aqueous medium [22].Target analytes were recovered into accepter phase after evaporation of water. Acetonitrile solvent was added in dried GC vial along with derivatizing reagent. After derivatization these samples were injected into a Gas chromatographic system. 1.3.2 Basic Principle of LPME: Basic principle is same for all LPME techniques (two phase or three phase LPME), the variation is only from accepter region [24]. In three phase liquid phase micro extraction technique (HF- LPME) a donor aqueous solution is filled in a vial or flask containing sample analytes. A short piece of hollow fiber is used and accepter solution is injected inside fiber through a micro syringe after injecting accepter solution one end is closed and other end contains syringe needle. Fiber containing solutions is inserted in an appropriate organic solvent having less polarity (Dihexyl ether) to create a stationary liquid membrane (SLM). Donor solution pH is adjusted such that it can restrain the ionization of target analytes [22]. The process of three phase extraction [22] can be explained as follows in Eq 1.1. Where ‘A’ is a target analyte, ‘K1’, ‘K2’, ‘K3’ and ‘K4’ are first order extraction rate constants. In order to obtain combined distribution coefficient, at equilibrium recovery, Eq. 1.2 is derived [22]. D accepter/sample = C eq accepter / C eq sample = C Org sample/ C eq accepter =ÃŽ ± D .Korg/sample / ÃŽ ± a. Korg/accepter†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.1.2 In Eq. 1.2, C eq accepter, C eq sample and C Org sample are the concentration of analytes at equilibrium, in accepter phase, in aqueous sample phase and in organic membrane phase respectively.Here Korg/sample, Korg/accepter are the partition ratio’s between Organic phase and sample phase and between accepter phase and organic phase respectively [22]. ÃŽ ± D and ÃŽ ± a are the extractable fraction of total concentration of target analyte in sample and accepter respectively. If conditions are similar between sample and accepter, other than ionization of analytes in sample phase, from Eq. 1.2, equilibrium is independent from partition ratio of stationary liquid membrane in three phase lpme i.e. it depends mainly on ionization of analytes in sample [22]. Extraction efficiency (E) can be calculated from Eq. 1.3[22]. V sample, V accepter and V mem , in Eq. 1.3, are the volume of donor sample phase, aqueous accepter phase and organic immobilized membrane liquid phase respectively. D accepter/sample and D Org/sample are individual distribution coefficients relative to accepter phase to sample phase and Organic phase (SLM) to sample phase respectively [22]. Eq. 1.3 is derived for three phase lpme. It is evident; from the interpretation of Eq. 1.3 that efficiency is mainly controlled by individual distribution coefficients. Individual distribution ratios are directly dependent on partition coefficients, so by increasing the partition ratios efficiency can be improved [22]. Partition coefficients can be improved by properly adjusting the pH of donor and accepter and by using an appropriate organic solvent. Volume of sample and organic phase should also be kept minimum, according to Eq. 1.3 in order to develop efficiency [22]. 1.3.3-Mass transfer in LPME: Enrichment factor (Ee) for three phase LPME is given in Eq. 1.4. Ee = C accepter/C initial = V sample. E / V accepter †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 1.4 In Eq. 1.4, C accepter is the concentration of target analyte, present in final stage inside accepter solution [22]. When an acidic analyte is ionized in aqueous solution, total extractable fraction of analyte (ÃŽ ±) is given in Eq. 1.5 [24]. ÃŽ ± = [AH]/ [A-][AH] = 1/[1+10(pH-pKa)] †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 1.5 In the context of Eq. 1.3, the overall distribution constant (D) at equilibrium can be rearranged as given in Eq. 1.5 [24]. D = 1+10 s (pH-pKa) . KD /1 + 10 s (pH-pKa). KA †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 1.6 ‘s’ is equal to 1 for acidic analytes (Eq. 1.6). ‘pKa’ is dissociation constant and pH refers to donor or accepter solution(Eq. 1.6) [24]. à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  C = ÃŽ ±D .Cs ÃŽ ±a CA.KA/KS †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1.7 Eq. 1.5-1.7 are derived from Henderson-Hasselbalch relation, in this equation ÃŽ ± represents the extractable fraction of analytes [24]. The driving force for the extraction in neutral conditions of three phase LPME is the concentration gradient (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  C) from sample to accepter [12]. The concentration gradient between two phases, between donor and accepter, is described in Eq. 1.7. K represent partition ratio of uncharged analyte between the membrane and aqueous phase. CA and Cs are the concentrations of analytes in accepter and sample phase respectively. 1.3.4 End point for extraction: Three end points are normally considered for extraction [22]. 1. Exhaustive extraction. 2. Kinetic extraction. 3. Equilibrium extraction. 1.3.4.1 Exhaustive extraction: Exhaustive end point is the specific end point (time), when all amount of analytes are exhausted (which can be practically possible) present in donor [22]. In this practical diploma work, Exhaustive end point will be applied in (LPME) extractions. Enrichment factor will increase by growing analyte concentration in accepter by the passage of time, at certain point it reaches a stable value [12]. Mass transfer between organic phase and liquid phase is dependent on concentration gradient [12]. Enrichment factor can be improved by increasing the value of ÃŽ ±D preferably close to unity and decreasing the value of ÃŽ ±A to zero. Such conditions for the ÃŽ ±D and ÃŽ ±A values are called â€Å"infinite sink† conditions, normally required for exhaustive extractions [22]. Situation close to these values can be achieved for acids by selective tuning the pKa values. For example for acidic compound if pH of accepter is adjusted, 3.3 (pH) units above than the pKa of acidic analytes this Di fference set the value of ÃŽ ±A to 0.0005, at this point accepter can capture all analytes. At this set value (ÃŽ ±A), enrichment factor increases linearly with time [12]. Peak time of enrichment factor, when other parameters are constant, can be calculated by comparison of CA maximum. CA maximum (‘CA’ is considered as time dependent) can be obtained by careful calculation of CA maximum values at a certain time, before this value starts to decrease again [12]. 1.3.5 Rate of LPME: Two parameters, govern the rate of extraction (when extraction approaches to equilibrium conditions), are membrane controlled extractions or diffusion controlled extractions [13, 24]. The maximum concentration Ee can be obtained when concentration gradient (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  C) is approaches to zero described in Eq. 1.8 [13, 24]. Ee (max) = (C a / C d) max = ÃŽ ±D/ÃŽ ±A †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 1.8 In membrane controlled extractions, the rate limiting step is the diffusion of target analytes. When analytes pass through the organic phase, the mass transfer (Km) is given in Eq. 1. 9 [13, 16]. Km  µ K.D m /h m †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 1.9 In Eq. 1.9; K is partition coefficient, Dm is membrane diffusion coefficient and ‘h m ‘ is the thickness of membrane [13, 16]. 1.3.6 Addition of Trioctylphosphine oxide(TOPO): Mass transfer can be improved for acidic analytes by using different concentrations (w/v) of TOPO in organic solvent typically for short chain carboxylic acids. Interaction of TOPO with polar acids in solution takes place efficiently due to hydrogen bonding [16]. 1.3.7 Trapping of Analyte in Three phase lpme[24]: Concentration enrichment of analytes in three phase LPME can be achieved by stable mass transfer through the membrane to accepter phase. Back diffusion of analytes is prevented by trapping of analytes in accepter phase. In order to achieve high enrichment of acidic analytes pH of accepter phase is fixed enough basic so that when acidic analytes reached to the accepter solution becomes charged. Analytes could not be driven back to donor. So this trapping of analytes due to pH adjustment is called ‘’direct trapping’’. For high enrichment purpose, pH of accepter is usually adjusted 3.3 pH units higher than the pKa values of acidic target analytes while extracting from acidic donor. Buffer capacity of accepter should be sufficient such that during extraction protons from acidic donor cannot be neutralized by the concentration gradient between two aqueous phases during three phase lpme [24]. 1.3.8 Selection for Organic phase: Choice of organic solvent has basic importance in method validation because this solvent directly affect partition coefficient. Organic phase solvent should have low solubility in water [22] and low volatility to prevent solvent losses during extraction process [16]. Organic phase should have high distribution coefficient, between donor to organic phase and between organic to accepter phase, to achieve high enrichment. Organic phase should have adequate affinity to the hollow fiber. Organic phase should be immobilized sufficiently to cause efficient trapping of analytes in the pores through polarity matching [22]. Mixture of organic solvents can also be used as mobile phase [16]. In this project organic solvent is either pure DHE or DHE is also mixed with different amount of TOPO (section; 1.3.6) to achieve high stability of organic phase [22, 24]. 1.3.9 Agitation of sample: Extraction kinetics can be improved by agitation. Agitation increases analyte diffusion from donor to accepter. Organic membrane solution (DHE) is very stable inside pores of the membrane. Shaking by a magnetic stirrer helps analyte transfer from donor solution to the accepter solution [17]. When Donor solution containing analytes is stirred at high speed, probability of fresh solution contact with membrane phase is enhanced [9]. In order to enhance mass transfer all membrane extractions in this project are assisted through agitation by a magnetic stirrer. A membrane extraction assembly is shown in Fig. 1.13. 1.3.10Volume of donor and acceptor solutions. Volume of donor and accepter solution is very important because sensitivity can be improved by proper volume adjustment of accepter solution. Volume of accepter solution should be minimum comparative to donor to get better sensitivity [17]. Volume of accepter solution should be enough to be injected, detected and quantified by GC or HPLC. Volume of the accepter solution should be enough to fill lumen of hollow fiber appropriately [17]. 1.3.11 Adjustment of pH. Proper adjustment of pH of donor and accepter is very important because high partition ratio can be obtained in three phase lpme by proper adjustment of donor and accepter solution [17]. According to Eq. 1.7, Efficiency can be improved by increasing concentration gradient which depends mainly on pH. In this project three phase lpme is utilized on acidic analytes (C3-C9) containing carboxylic and hydroxyl groups so in donor solution pH is adjusted slightly lower than the pKa values of analytes to suppress ionization of these analytes [17]. 1.4. Detection and quantification of Analytes: 1.4.1-GC-MS analysis: GC-MS is a powerful detection technique for environmental trace analysis due to its high sensitivity [14]. Aerosols are existed in trace level so their detection requires a sensitive device with low limit of detection. GC-MS suffers less matrix effect and is usually cost effective and highly selective [14]. Analytes are separated according to their charge to mass (m/e) ratio after passing through mass spectrometer. Scan mode is used for identification of each analyte [14]. When gaseous analytes come to mass spectrometer they are converted to their respective molecular ions. Electron ionization in mass spectrometer strikes molecules to fragments [18]. These molecular ions are specific for each analyte and sensitivity and selectivity can be improved through selected ion chromatogram (SIM) [14]. Signal to noise ratio (SNR) is improved through extracted ion chromatogram (XIC) which is selected through SIM mode [14]. SIM mode is used for qualitative and quantitative analysis [14]. Analytes (C3-C10) are polar and non volatile, so these analytes cannot be detected in pure form and separated by using Gas chromatographic column. A derivatization step is necessary to convert Analyte into volatile substances. Derivatization is made to convert carboxylic and hydroxyl functional groups to their respective ester functional group [14]. 1.5. Derivatization: Two derivatization reagents; ‘’N, O-bis(trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide’’ (BSTFA) and ‘’N-(tertbutyldimethylsilyl)-N-methyltrifluoroacetamide’’ (MSTFA) are commonly used for esterification of hydroxyl and carboxylic functional groups before injecting to GC-MS system[14]. Both derivatizing reagents are applied separately and compared prior to GC-MS analysis. 1.5.1- Silylation: Analytes containing carboxylic acids (C3-C10) are introduced to GC-MS after derivatization. Carboxylic acids are converted to their respective trimethyl silyl ester (TMS derivative) by BSTFA. A nucleuphilic attack is taken place by a hetero atom to silicon atom when BSTFA reagent is used as a derivatization reagent [14]. BSTFA is found very efficient to convert hydroxyl groups to respective Silyl ester [18]. Advantage with BSTFA is that its derivative can be injected directly without purification and it can be used for very sensitive detection [18]. BSTFA is non polar and its efficiency can be improved by using BSTFA in Acetonitrile [32]. Chemical structure of BSTFA is shown in Fig [1.14] below. Due to the use of BSTFA reagent in the reaction, a common peak is appeared at m/z= 73, due to [Si(CH3)3]+ molecular ion and at m/z=145 due to [OH=Si(CH3)2]+ molecular ion . when Analytes containing dicarboxylic acids are used for MS analysis, Ion peak is appeared at m/z=147. Ion peak at m/z=147 is appeared due to the [(CH3)2Si=Si(CH3)2]+ molecular ion [18]. 2. Method: 2.1 Membrane extraction: Three phase HF- LPME method is used for extraction. Section 2.1 describes the method for three phase hollow fiber liquid phase micro extraction technique. 2.1.1 Equipment and reagents for Membrane Extraction: Hollow fiber Accurel PP polypropylene (Q3/2) is purchased from Membrana (Wuppertal, Germany). The wall thickness of membrane is 200  µm, Inner diameter 600  µm and pore size is 0.2  µm. Before extraction a 7.5 cm membrane was cut carefully with a fine cutter. After cutting membrane was washed in acetone and dried overnight. A magnetic stirrer, containing multiple stations, model (Ika-werke, Germany) was used for agitation of donor solution. Micro Syringe 50  µl (Agilent, Australia) was used to push accepter solution inside the lumen of membrane and for holding of membrane. pH meter (Mettler Toledo) was used to measure pH for donor and accepter solution. Volumetric flask (Kebo, Germany) was used for extractions (contain donor solution). Milli-Q water was obtained from Millipore gradient system (Millipore, USA). Hydrochloric acid (37%, Fluka) and Sodium hydroxide monohydrate (Fluka) were used to prepare further solutions. Dihexyl ether (97%) was purchased from Sigma Aldrich. TOPO (99%; Aldrich) was used to prepare solutions in DHE (%, w/v). 2.1.2Set up for Membrane Extraction: 2.1.2.1 Donor solution: The pH donor solution was adjusted to 2. All aqueous solutions were prepared in mill Q water and pH was adjusted by adding HCl (0.1M). All Samples were spiked in a dried 100 ml volumetric flask (Germany). This flask was then, filled up to mark with donor solution. Further 5 ml of donor solution was added in same flask in order to dip membrane inside donor solution. Total volume of donor solution was adjusted to 105 ml. A clean magnet was dropped in flask and then, this spiked solution inside the flask was allowed to stir for 30 minutes and at a fixed revolutions/min (800 rpm) of magnetic stirrer. 2.1.2.2 Accepter solution: Accepter solution was prepared in milli Q water and pH 12 was adjusted by Sodium hydroxide (0.5 M, 5 M). The accepter solution was injected inside lumen of dried membrane through a micro syringe. Specific amount of (24  µl) accepter solution was injected inside lumen of hollow fiber via a BD micro syringe. Specific volume (24  µl) of accepter solution was fixed after several adjustments, for best compatibility with a 7.5 cm hollow fiber, to achieve good repeatability and enrichment. 2.1.2.3 Membrane solvent: Membrane containing accepter solution was dipped for 15 s (Approximately) into the organic solvent (pure DHE or topo% solutions in DHE), to impregnate the fiber with organic solvent and to establish a membrane phase. The solvents, immobilized in the pores of hollow fiber were; pure DHE, 1% topo in DHE (w/v), 5% topo in DHE (w/v), 10% topo in DHE (w/v), 15% topo in DHE (w/v) and 19% topo in DHE (w/v). All solutions (topo in DHE) were prepared and mixed by manual shaking, although 15% topo in DHE and 19% topo in DHE solutions were prepared by vigorous shaking and were put inside sonicator for efficient mixing. 2.2. Sample preparations: All primary solutions were prepared in methanol. Primary solutions were prepared by transferring specific weight of analytes to a sample vial, having air tight caps. This solution was diluted with methanol to prepare a solution of concentration (100 ÃŽ ¼g/ml). Table 2.1 represents properties (physical, chemical) of analytes. A (abbreviation) name was given respective to TMS ester of each analyte, new name consists of three words only. Molecular weight (Mw), Molecular (Molec) formula, Source (chemicals were purchased from), pKa values of individual analytes (dissociates in water) and purity (as labeled on each chemical) of each analyte is listed in Table 2.1. Table. 2.1- Analytes source (purchased from)and purity. Sr. No Chemical name Abbreviation Mw Molec formula Purchased from pka. Values Purity (%) 1 Malonic Acid Mal 104.06 C3H4O4 Aldrich 2.83, 5.69 (36) 99 2 Succinic Acid Suc 118.09 C5H6O4 Fluka 4.19, 5.48 (36) 99.9 3 Glutaric Acid Glu 132.04 C5H8O4 Aldrich 4.34, 5.42 (36) 99 4 Adipic Acid Ad 146.14 C6H10O4 Fluka 4.34,5.44 (36) 99.5 5 Pimelic Acid Pim 160.17 C7H12O4 Aldrich 4.48, 5.42 (36) 98 6 Suberic Acid